Palindromic sequence with pallendrome6/22/2023 ![]() Measuring the abundance, frequency, and location of palindromes across the human genome is critical to understanding their functional roles. Palindromic DNA sequences are prevalent in the genomes of a wide variety of organisms, including humans the functions and implications of such sequences are only beginning to be understood. Sequences that are palindromic except for a few mismatches in base pairing are called near-palindromes. If the complementary portions are separated by a gap sequence, the sequence is referred to as inverse repeat 3. When a palindromic sequence is folded at its midpoint, the base pairs (bp) on the two halves are complementary. 1, the sequence on the positive strand 5′-GACA|TGTC-3′ is a palindrome since GACA is followed by its complement CTGT, but appearing in reverse order as TGTC 2. In DNA, palindromes are defined as a sequence of nucleotides that are followed by its complement sequence appearing in reverse order 1. The catalog of palindromes in the reference genome and 1000 Genomes is being made available here with details on their variations in each individual genome to serve as a resource for future and retrospective whole-genome studies identifying statistically significant palindrome variations associated with diseases or traits and their roles in disease mechanisms. The analysis of disease/trait-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms in palindromic regions showed that disease-associated risk variants are 14 times more likely to be present in palindromic regions than in other regions. We found that ~30% of the palindromes exhibit variation, some of which are caused by rare variants. In this work, we computed and analyzed the palindromic sequences in the human genome and studied their conservation in personal genomes using 1000 Genomes data. Palindromic mutations are linked to many human diseases, such as neuronal disorders, mental retardation, and various cancers. Palindromes are distributed throughout the human genome and play significant roles in gene expression and regulation. Here, for example, the single difference in the sequences can be eliminated (red for blue or vice versa).A palindrome in DNA is like a palindrome in language, but when read backwards, it is a complement of the forward sequence effectively, the two halves of a sequence complement each other from its midpoint like in a double strand of DNA. Repairs can then be made (probably by the mechanism of homologous recombination). All that is needed is to form a loop so that the two sequences line up side-by-side. This orientation and redundancy may help ensure that a deleterious mutation in one copy of the set can be repaired using the information in another copy of that set. (The dashes represent the thousands of base pairs that separate adjacent palindromes.) The human Y chromosome contains 7 sets of genes - each set containing from 2 to 6 nearly-identical genes - oriented back-to-back or head-to-head that is, they are inverted repeats like the portion shown here. Inverted repeats at either end of retroviral gene sequences aid in inserting the DNA copy into the DNA of the host. ![]() The DNA of many transposons is flanked by inverted repeats such as this one:ĥ' GGCCAGTCACAATGG.~400 nt.CCATTGTGACTGGCC 3'ģ' CCGGTCAGTGTTACC.~400 nt.GGTAACACTGACCGG 5'.Transcription factors are often dimers of identical proteins homodimers so it is not surprising that each member of the pair needs to "see" the same DNA sequence in the same orientation. The DNA sequence shown above is that of the glucocorticoid response element where n represents any nucleotide. The DNA to which transcription factors bind.In these cases, two different segments of the double helix read the same but in opposite directions. ![]()
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